Search: a new era David Pilato | @dadoonet

Agenda ● ● ● ● Co m m er ci “Classic” search and its limitations ML model and usage Vector search or hybrid search in Elasticsearch OpenAI’s ChatGPT or LLMs with Elasticsearch al

Elasticsearch You Know, for Search

These are not the droids you are looking for.

GET /_analyze { “char_filter”: [ “html_strip” ], “tokenizer”: “standard”, “filter”: [ “lowercase”, “stop”, “snowball” ], “text”: “These are <em>not</em> the droids you are looking for.” }

These are <em>not</em> the droids you are looking for. { “tokens”: [{ “token”: “droid”, “start_offset”: 27, “end_offset”: 33, “type”: “<ALPHANUM>”, “position”: 4 },{ “token”: “you”, “start_offset”: 34, “end_offset”: 37, “type”: “<ALPHANUM>”, “position”: 5 }, { “token”: “look”, “start_offset”: 42, “end_offset”: 49, “type”: “<ALPHANUM>”, “position”: 7 }]}

Semantic search ≠ Literal matches

TODAY X-wing starfighter squadron TOMORROW What ships and crews do I need to destroy an almost finished death star? Or is there a secret weakness?

Elasticsearch You Know, for Search

Elasticsearch You Know, for Vector Search

What is a Vector ?

Example: 1-dimensional vector Character Vector [ 1 ] ] Realistic

[ Embeddings represent your data Cartoon 1

represent different data aspects Human Character Vector [ 1, 1 Realistic Cartoon ] ] Machine

[ Multiple dimensions 1, 0

is grouped together Human Character Vector [ 1.0, 1.0 Realistic Cartoon 1.0, 0.0 [ 1.0, 0.8 ] ] ]

Machine

[ Similar data

Vector search ranks objects by similarity (~relevance) to the query Human Rank Query 1 Realistic Cartoon 2 3 4 5 Machine Result

Choice of Embedding Model Start with Off-the Shelf Models Extend to Higher Relevance ●Text data: Hugging Face (like Microsoft’s E5 ●Apply hybrid scoring ) ●Images: OpenAI’s CLIP ●Bring Your Own Model: requires expertise + labeled data

Problem training vs actual use-case

Architecture of Vector Search

How do you index vectors ?

Data Ingestion and Embedding Generation POST /_doc { “_id”:”product-1234”, “product_name”:”Summer Dress”, “description”:”Our best-selling…”, “Price”: 118, “color”:”blue”, “fabric”:”cotton”, “fabric”:”cotton” } “desc_embedding”:[0.452,0.3242,…], “desc_embedding”:[0.452,0.3242,…] } “img_embedding”:[0.012,0.0,…] } Source data POST /_doc

Co m m er ci With Elastic ML al { } Source data POST /_doc “_id”:”product-1234”, “product_name”:”Summer Dress”, “description”:”Our best-selling…”, “Price”: 118, “color”:”blue”, “fabric”:”cotton”, “desc_embedding”:[0.452,0.3242,…]

Eland Imports PyTorch Models Co m m er ci al $ eland_import_hub_model —url https://cluster_URL —hubmodel-id BERT-MiniLM-L6 —tasktype text_embedding —start BERT-MiniLM-L6 Select the appropriate model Load it Manage models

Elastic’s range of supported NLP models Co m m er ci ● Fill mask model Mask some of the words in a sentence and predict words that replace masks ● Named entity recognition model NLP method that extracts information from text ● Text embedding model Represent individual words as numerical vectors in a predefined vector space ● Text classification model Assign a set of predefined categories to open-ended text ● Question answering model Model that can answer questions given some or no context ● Zero-shot text classification model Model trained on a set of labeled examples, that is able to classify previously unseen examples Full list at: ela.st/nlp-supported-models al

How do you search vectors ?

Vector Query GET product-catalog/_search { “knn”: { “field”: “desc_embbeding”, “k”: 5, “num_candidates”: 50, “query_vector”: [0.123, 0.244,…], “filter”: { “term”: { “department”: “women” } } } }, “size”: 10

Co m m er ci Vector Query al GET product-catalog/_search { “knn”: { “field”: “desc_embbeding”, “k”: 5, “num_candidates”: 50, “query_vector_builder”: { “text_embedding”: { “model_text”: “summer clothes”, “model_id”: <text-embedding-model> }, “filter”: { “term”: { “department”: “women” } } Transformer model } }, “size”: 10

( Vector Search components Search Index Generate Query Mapping Embedding dense_vector Text embedding model kNN 3rd party, local, in Elasticsearch)

But how does it really work?

Similarity: cosine (cosine) Human q cos(θ) = d1 d2 Realistic θ q⃗ × d ⃗ | q⃗ | × | d |⃗ _score = 1 + cos(θ) 2

Similarity: cosine (cosine) 1+1 _score = =1 2 1+0 _score = = 0.5 2 1−1 _score = =0 2

Similarity: Dot Product (dot_product) q⃗ × d ⃗ = | q⃗ | × cos(θ) × | d |⃗ q d θ | q⃗ | × co s (θ ) 1 + dot_ product(q, d) scorefloat = 2 0.5 + dot product(q, d) _scorebyte = 32768 × dims

Similarity: Euclidean distance (l2_norm) y 2 n i (x ∑ 1 i= − y i) q l2_normq,d = y1 d x1 y2 x2 n ∑ i=1 (xi − yi) 1 _score = 1 + (l2_normq,d )2 x 2

Brute Force

Hierarchical Navigable Small Worlds HNSW One popular approach HNSW: a layered approach that simplifies access to the nearest neighbor Tiered: from coarse to fine approximation over a few steps Balance: Bartering a little accuracy for a lot of scalability ) ( Speed: Excellent query latency on large scale indices

Filtering KNN Vector Similarity Automatically choose between brute force and HNSW Brute force (not real numbers; used only to demonstrate the linearity) HNSW fi Bound worst case to 2*(brute force) • Brute force scales O(n) of ltered • HNSW scales ~O(log(n)) of all docs

Elasticsearch Lucene = fast progress ❤

Scaling Vector Search Vector search Best practices

1. Needs lots of memory
2. Avoid searches during indexing
3. Indexing is slower
4. Exclude vectors from _source
5. Merging is slow
6. Reduce vector dimensionality 4. Use byte rather than float

• Continuous improvements in Lucene Elasticsearch

Reduce Required Memory 2. Reduce of number of dimensions per vector

1. Vector element size reduction (“quantize”)

Benchmarketing

https://github.com/erikbern/ann-benchmarks

Elasticsearch You Know, for Hybrid Search

Hybrid scoring Term-based score Linear Combination manual boosting Vector similarity score Combine

GET product-catalog/_search { “query”: { “match”: { “description”: { “query”: “summer clothes”, “boost”: 0.9 } } }, “knn”: { “field”: “desc_embbeding”, “query_vector”: [0.123, 0.244,…], “k”: 5, “num_candidates”: 50, “boost”: 0.1, “filter”: { “term”: { “department”: “women” } } }, “size”: 10 }

GET product-catalog/_search { “query”: { “match”: { “description”: { “query”: “summer clothes”, “boost”: 0.9 } } }, “knn”: [ { “field”: “image-vector”, “query_vector”: [54, 10, -2], “k”: 5, “num_candidates”: 50, “boost”: 0.1 }, { “field”: “title-vector”, “query_vector”: [1, 20, -52, 23, 10], “k”: 10, “num_candidates”: 10, “boost”: 0.5 }], “size”: 10 }

ELSER Elastic Learned Sparse EncodER text_expansion Not BM25 or (dense) vector Sparse vector like BM25 Stored as inverted index Co m m er ci al

POST /_ingest/pipeline/_simulate { “pipeline”:{“processors”:[ Co m m er ci { “inference”:{“model_id”:”.elser_model_1”} } ]}, “docs”: [ {“_source”:{“text_field”:”These are not the droids you are looking for.”}}, {“_source”:{“text_field”:”Obi-Wan never told you what happened to your father.”}}, {“_source”:{“text_field”: “No. I am your father!”}} ] } al

Co m m er ci al These are not the droids you are looking for. “ml”: { “inference”: { “predicted_value”: { “lucas”: 0.50047517, “ship”: 0.29860738, “dragon”: 0.5300422, “quest”: 0.5974301, “dr”: 2.1055143, “space”: 0.49377063, “robot”: 0.40398192, …

Co m m er ci Hybrid ranking al Reciprocal Rank Fusion RRF blend multiple ranking methods Combine ) Vector similarity score ( Term-based score ELSER score

GET product-catalog/_search { “sub_searches”: [ { “query”: { “match”: {…} } }, { “query”: { “text_expansion”: {…} } } ], “knn”: {…}, “rank”: { “rrf”: { “window_size”: 50, “rank_constant”: 20 } } } Co m m er ci al BM25f + ELSER + Vector Hybrid Ranking

Reciprocal Rank Fusion RRF D set of docs R set of rankings as permutation on 1..|D| k - typically set to 60 by default Ranking Algorithm 1 k+r(d) A 1 1 B 0.7 C D Score r(d) k+r(d) 61 C 1,341 1 61 2 62 A 739 2 62 0.5 3 63 F 732 3 63 0.2 4 64 G 192 4 64 0.01

=

= +

E Doc 5 65 H 183 5 65 ) r(d) ( Score

Doc Ranking Algorithm 2 Doc RRF Score A 1/61 1/62 0,0325 C 1/63 1/61 0,0323 B 1/62 0,0161 F 1/63 0,0159 D 1/64 0,0156

https://github.com/dadoonet/music-search/

ChatGPT Elastic and LLM

Gen AI Search engines

LLM opportunities and limits your question one answer your question GAI / LLM : public internet data

Retrieval Augmented Generation your question the right answer your question + context window GAI / LLM public internet data your business data documents images audio

Demo Elastic + Azure OpenAI AWS Bedrock Google Vertex AI

Conclusion

Hybrid Search (text + vector) Vector Database ML Semantic) Search Engine Store & Search Vector Embeddings Choice & Flexibility of embedding models Filtering & Faceting Create Vector Embeddings Aggregations Autocomplete Search Analytics Trained model outof-the-box Document-level Security Optimized for text, geo, & other data Ingest Tools (web crawler, connectors, Beats, Agent, API framework) On-prem / Cloud / Hybrid + ( Vector Database

Elasticsearch You Know, for Search

Search: a new era David Pilato | @dadoonet